한국어, 만주어, 일본어의 기초 어휘 비교

 swadesh list란 비교언어학에서 잘 보존되어 있다고 여겨지는 어휘에 대한 목록입니다. 이 목록에 포함되는 어휘는 연구자에 따라 오락가락할 수 있으며, 비록 같은 어족이라 하더라도 모든 어휘가 보존되어 있는 것은 아닙니다만 이미 연구가 잘 되어 있는 인도유럽어족 등등에서 잘 쓰이는 목록입니다.

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Altaic_Swadesh_lists 를 참조해서 중세국어형도 네이버에서 검색해서 넣을 수 있는 건 집어 넣었습니다. (< 표시의 오른쪽이 중세국어형입니다. 아래아는 (a)로 표기했습니다.) 중세국어형과 표기법상 차이가 없는 어휘나 제가 찾지 못한 중세국어는 표기하지 않았습니다. 

 

No	English	Korean<Middle Korean (Revised Romanization of Korean)	Manchu (Möllendorff Transcription)	Japanese (Hepburn romanization)
1	I	na jeo	bi	watakushi, watashi, atashi, ware ore
2	you (sing.)	neo	si	anata, kimi, omae
3	he	X	i, tere	kare
4	we	uri jeohui(deul)	be, muse	watashitachi orera
5	you (plural)	neohui(deul)	suwe	anatagata, kimitachi, omaera
6	they	X	ce, tese	karera
7	this	i	ere	kono (attr.), kore (subst.)
8	that	geu (mesial) jeo (distal)	tere	sono (mesial), ano (distal) [attributive] sore (mesial), are (distal) [substantive]
9	here	yeogi/ingeogeui	uba	koko
10	there	geogi (mesial) <geungeogeui jeogi (distal) <dyeongeogeui	tuba	soko (mesial) asoko (distal)
11	who	nugu       <nu nuga (nom.)	we	dare
12	what	mueos<meuseugeos	ai	nani
13	where	eodi<eodeui	yabade, aibide	doko
14	when	eonje	atanggi	itsu
15	how	eotteohge, eojji<eosdyeo	absi, adarame	ikani, ikaga dō
16	not	ani, an eops- ('be not (in a certain place), have not')	waka, akū	-na-, -nu na- ('be not (in a certain place), have not')
17	all	da modeun (attr.), modu (adv.) <mod(a)n mojori mongttang joeda on, ontong	eiten gemu	subete mina
18	many	manh-<m(a)nha-	labdu geren	oo-
19	some	eotteon<eosdeon	ememu ududu	ikuraka (uncountable), ikutsuka (countable) nanraka
20	few	jeog-<jyeog- jogeum, jom ('a few, a bit') <jyogom	komso	sukuna- wazuka sukoshi ('a few, a bit')
21	other	dareun<dar(a)-	gūwa	hoka
22	one	han (attr.), hana (subst.) <h(a)nah	emu	hito(tsu)
23	two	du (attr.), dul (subst.) <dulh	juwe	futa(tsu)
24	three	se (attr.), ses (subst.) <seh	ilan	mit(tsu)
25	four	ne (attr.), nes (subst.) <neh	duin	yot(tsu)
26	five	daseos<das(a)s	sunja	itsu(tsu)
27	big	keu-	amba	ooki-
28	long	gil-	golmin	naga-
29	wide	neolb-<neob	onco, letehun, leli	hiro-
30	thick	dukkeop-/dukkeow- (of layers or depth) <dudgeob gulg- (of diameter or circumference) < jit- (of concentration or density) < dit	jiramin	atsu- (of layers or depth) futo- (of diameter or circumference) ko-, koyu- (of concentration or density)
31	heavy	mugeop-/mugeow-<meugeop-	ujen	omo-
32	small	jag-<jyag-	ajige	chīsa-
33	short	jjalb-/dyeoleu-	foholon (of length), fangkala (of height)	mijika-
34	narrow	job-	hafirahūn, is'heliyen	sema-
35	thin	yalb- (of layers or depth) ganeul- (of diameter or circumference) <g(a)n(a)l- yeolb- (of color, lips, density of hair, etc.) mulg- (of concentration or density of a fluid) <meulg-	nekeliyen	usu- (of layers, depth, concentration, or density) hoso- (of diameter or circumference)
36	woman	gyejib<gyeojib	hehe	onna
37	man (male)	sanai, sanae<snah(a)i	haha	otoko
38	man (human being)	saram<sar(a)m nam ('another person, other people') nom ('guy')	niyalma	hito
39	child	ai, ae<ah(a)i eorini	jui	ko
40	wife	anae<anhai	sargan	tsuma
41	husband	sanae ('man') nampyeon (< Chinese)	eigen	otto
42	mother	eomeoni<eozi	eme, eniye	haha
43	father	abeoji<eobi	ama	chichi
44	animal	jimseung (< Chinese Buddhistic 衆生 "the masses of living things")	aššara jaka, ergengge (living things)	kemono, kedamono
45	fish	mulkkogi<meulsgogi	nimaha	uo, io sakana
46	bird	sae<sai	gas'ha ('large bird, fowl') cecike ('small bird, songbird')	tori
47	dog	gae<gai	indahūn	inu
48	louse	i<ni	cihe	shirami
49	snake	baem<b(a)iyam	meihe	hebi
50	worm	beolle ('bug')<beole jireong'i ('earthworm') (< Chinese 地龍)	umiyaha	mushi ('bug') mimizu ('earthworm')
51	tree	namu<namg	moo, hailan	ki
52	forest	sup<sub,suh	bujan, weji	mori
53	stick	makdaegi	mukšan	bō (< Chinese 棒 bàng) tsue ('walking stick')
54	fruit	yeolmae<yeoreum	tubihe	kudamono mi
55	seed	ssi<bsi	use	tane mi
56	leaf	ip<nip	abdaha	ha
57	root	ppuri<bulhui	fulehe, da	ne
58	bark	kkeopjil<geobjil	notho	kawa
59	flower	kkoch<goj	ilha	hana
60	grass	pul<peul	orho	kusa
61	rope	batjul	futa	nawa
62	skin	salkkach gajug<gat(gach)	sukū	hada kawa
63	meat	sal<salh gogi	yali	niku (< Chinese 肉 ròu) shishi
64	blood	pi	senggi	chi
65	bone	ppyeo<sbyeo	giranggi	hone
66	fat (noun)	gireum	tarhūn	abura
67	egg	al<alh	umhan	tamago
68	horn	ppul<sbeul	uihe	tsuno
69	tail	kkori<sgori kkorangji kkongji<sgongji kkongmuni	uncehen	o shippo
70	feather	gis<jit(jich)	dethe, funggala	hane
71	hair	teol (in general) meori (of the head)	funiyehe	ke (in general) kami (of the head)
72	head	meori	uju	atama kashira kōbe
73	ear	gwi<gui	šan	mimi
74	eye	nun	yasa	me
75	nose	ko<goh	oforo	hana
76	mouth	ib	angga	kuchi
77	tooth	i<ni	weihe	ha
78	tongue	hyeo	ilenggu	shita
79	fingernail	sontob<sonstob	hitahūn	tsume
80	foot	bal	bethe	ashi
81	leg	dari	bethe	ashi
82	knee	mureup<murup	tobgiya	hiza
83	hand	son	gala, falanggū (palm of the hand)	te
84	wing	nalgae<n(a)lgai,n(a)lai	as'ha	tsubasa hane
85	belly	bae	hefeli	hara
86	guts	ae	duha	wata
87	neck	mog	monggon, gen	kubi
88	back	deung	fisa	se
89	breast	gaseum ('chest')<gas(a)m jeoj ('breast')<jyeoj	tunggen (chest) huhun (breasts)	mune ('chest') chichi ('breast')
90	heart	yeomtong/ryeomtong,nyeomtong	niyaman	shinzō (< Chinese 心臟 'cardiac organ') kokoro ('seat of the mind')
91	liver	gan (< Chinese 肝 'liver')	fahūn	kanzō (< Chinese 肝臟 'hepatic organ') kimo
92	to drink	masi-	omi-	nom-
93	to eat	meog-	je-/jefu ('eat!')	kuw- tabe- (polite; < 'to have' < 'to be granted')
94	to bite	mul-<meul-	sai-	kam-
95	to suck	ppal-<sbal-	goci-	suw-
96	to spit	baet-<bat-	cifele-	hak-
97	to vomit	ge'u-<gaio-	fuyakiya-, oksi-, juru-	hak-
98	to blow	bul-	fulgiye-	fuk-
99	to breathe	(sum)swi-<sui-	ergen gai-	iki-o suru
100	to laugh	us-	inje-	waraw-
101	to see	bo-	sabu-	mi-
102	to hear	deut-/deur-	donji-	kik-
103	to know	al-	sa-	shir-
104	to think	saenggak-ha-<s(a)inggak-ha-	gūni-, bodo-	omow-
105	to smell	mat- ('to sense (a smell)') punggi- ('to emit (a smell)')<pumgi	wangkiya-	kag- ('to sense a smell, to sniff') niow- ('to emit a smell')
106	to fear	duryeowo ha-<durib- museowo ha-	gele- olho- golo-	osore- kowagar-
107	to sleep	ja-	amga- šabura-	nemur- ne-
108	to live	sal-	banji-	iki-
109	to die	jug-	buce-	shin-
110	to kill	jugi-	wa-	koros-
111	to fight	ssau-<ssaho-	afa-	tatakaw-
112	to hunt	sanyang-ha- sanyang-ga- (< Sino-Korean 山行 sanhaeng 'going to the mountains')	abala-	kar-
113	to hit	chi-<ti-	tanta-	ut-, but- uchitsuke-, buttsuke-, butsuke- tatak-, hatak- nagur- tsuk- atar- (v.i.), ate- (v.t.)
114	to cut	be-<beohi-,bahi- jareu-/jall-	faita- furu-	kir-
115	to split	gareu-/gall-<gar(a)-	delhebu- dendebu-	war-
116	to stab	jjireu-/jjill-<bsdireu(or ttireu), direu	toko- gidala- (with a spear) huwesile- (with a dagger)	sas- tsuk-
117	to scratch	geulg- halkwi-	waša- wasihala-	kak-
118	to dig	pa-<p(a)-	fete-	hor-
119	to swim	he-	ebiše- muke selbi-	oyog-
120	to fly	nal-<n(a)l	deye-	tob-
121	to walk	geot-/geor-	okso- yabu-	aruk-
122	to come	o-	ji-	ko-, ku-
123	to lie	nup-/nuw-	dedu-	ne-
124	to sit	anj-	te-	suwar-
125	to stand	seo-<syeo-	ili-	tat-
126	to turn	dol-	forgošo-	mawar-
127	to fall	tteoleoji-<bdeoreodi-	tuhe-	ochi-
128	to give	ju-	bu-	okur- yar- kure- age- kudasar- tamaw- atae-
129	to hold	jab- deul- gaji-	jafa-	mot-
130	to squeeze	jja-<bj(a)-	hafita-	shibor- shime- mom-
131	to rub	munjireu-/munjill-<meundireu-	monji-, monjira-	sur- kosur- nasur- mom-
132	to wash	ppal-<sbal- ssis-<sis-	obo-	araw-
133	to wipe	dakk-<dasg- humchi-	fu- (loanword from Chinese?) mabula-	fuk- nuguw-
134	to pull	kkeul-<geuzeu-	tata-	hik-
135	to push	mil-	ana-	os-
136	to throw	deonji-<deodi-	makta- waliyabu-	nage-
137	to tie	mae-<m(a)i	huthu- hūwaita-	musub-
138	to sew	gip-/giw-	ufi-	nuw-
139	to count	se-<hye-	tolo-	kazoe-
140	to say	mal-ha- ha-	hendu- gisure- se-	iw- mōs- (polite) mōshiage- (humble) osshar- (colloquial honorific) notamaw- (colloquial sarcastic honorific or literary honorific)
141	to sing	norae-ha-<nolai	ucule-	utaw-
142	to play	nol-	efi-	asob-
143	to float	tteu-<bdeu-	dekde-	uk-
144	to flow	heureu-/heull-	eye-	nagare-
145	to freeze	eol-	gece- juhe jafa-	koor-
146	to swell	but-/bu-<bus- bupul-<bupeul-	aibi- dukdure-	fukuram- fukure- hare-
147	sun	Hae<h(a)i	šun	hi
148	moon	dal<d(a)l	biya	tsuki
149	star	byeol	usiha	hoshi
150	water	mul<meul	muke	mizu
151	rain	bi	aga	ame
152	river	nae<naih, g(a)r(a)m (< Chinese 江?)	bira ula	kawa
153	lake	mos neub<nub	omo tenggin noor	mizuumi
154	sea	bada<bar(a)l, badah	mederi namu	umi
155	salt	sogeum<sogom	dabsun	shio
156	stone	dol<dolh	wehe	ishi
157	sand	morae<molai	yonggan	suna
158	dust	meonji<monj(a)i	buraki	chiri hokori
159	earth	heulg<h(a)lg ttang<sdah	na	tsuchi
160	cloud	gureum<gurum	tugi	kumo
161	fog	angae<angai	talman	kiri
162	sky	haneul<han(a)lh	abka	sora
163	wind	baram<b(a)r(a)m (< Chinese 風?)	edun	kaze
164	snow	nun	nimanggi	yuki
165	ice	eoleum	juhe	koori
166	smoke	nae<n(a)i	šanggiyan	kemuri
167	fire	bul<beul	tuwa	hi
168	ash	jae<j(a)i	fulenggi	hai
169	to burn (v.i.)	ta-<t(a)-	deiji-	moe-
170	road	gil	jugūn	michi
171	mountain	me<moi eondeog ('slope, incline; hill')	alin	yama
172	red	bulg-<beulg- ppalgah-	fulgiyan	aka
173	green	pureu-/pureur-, parah-	niowanggiyan	midori
174	yellow	norah-	suwayan	ki
175	white	hui-<h(a)i	šanyan	shiro
176	black	geom-	sahaliyan	kuro
177	night	bam	dobori	yoru yo
178	day	nal ('day, 24-hour period') naj ('daytime, daylight hours; noon, midday')	inenggi	hi ('day, 24-hour period') hiru ('daytime, daylight hours; noon, midday')
179	year	hae	aniya	toshi
180	warm	ttatteut-ha-<d(a)s-ha-	bulukan, halukan	atataka-
181	cold	cha-<ch(a) chup-/chuw- (of the weather)<chib- sig- ('to cool off')	šahūrun	tsumeta- samu- (of the weather) same- ('to cool off') hie- ('to get cold')
182	full	cha-<ch(a) bureu-/bull- (of one's stomach)<beureu-	jaluka	michi- ippai
183	new	sae saerop-/saerow-<sair(a)b-	ice	atarashi- arata
184	old	yes<nyes nalg-<n(a)lg- neulg-	fe, sakda	furu- ('old, used, worn') oi- ('to grow old, to age')
185	good	joh-<dyoh-	sain	yo-, ii
186	bad	nappeu-<nadbeu-	ehe	waru-
187	rotten	sseog-<seog-	niyaha, ibtenehe	kusar-
188	dirty	deoreop-/deoreow-	nantuhūn langse	kitana-
189	straight	god-<gor(a)- bareu-/ball-<bar(a)-	sijirhūn	sugu
190	round	dunggeul-	muheliyen	maru-
191	sharp	nalkarop-/nalkarow-<nalk(a)b-	dacun, šulihun, šolonggo	surudo-
192	dull	mudi-<mudeui-	modo	nibu-
193	smooth	maekkeureop-/maekkeureow-	necin, bišun	nameraka
194	wet	jeoj-	derbehun, usihin	nure-
195	dry	mareu-/mall-<m(a)r(a)-	olhon	kawak-
196	correct	olh- bareu-/ball- olbareu-/olball-	acanaha, tob giyangga	tadashi-
197	near	gakkap-/gakkaw-<gasgab-	hanci, hamika	chika-
198	far	meol-	goro	too-
199	right	oreun<olh(a)n bareun	ici	migi
200	left	oen<oin	has'hū	hidari
201	at	-eseo (with a place) -e (with a time) -ege, -kke, -hante (with an indirect object)	-de	-de (with a place) -ni (with a time or an indirect object)
202	in	-eseo, an-eseo -e, an-e, sog-e -ro/-euro, an-euro	dolo	-de, -no naka-de -ni, -no naka-ni
203	with	-hago, -gwa/-wa (comitative) -ro/-euro (instrumental)	...i emgi, ...i sasa	-to (comitative) -de (instrumental)
204	and	-hago, -gwa/-wa, geurigo	jai	-to soshite
205	if	manyag(-e), -myeon	aika, aikabade	moshi -nara -ba
206	because	ttaemun(-e) -ni/-euni -nikka/-eunikka -seo/-eoseo/-aseo	...jalin (+ de), ...be dahame, ...turgunde, adarame seci, ...	-kara -tame -node
207	name	ireum<ilhom,ilhum	gebu	na

2천 500년전에 서로 떨어져 나간 가지인 스웨덴어와 영어의 비교는 다음 사이트를 참고하시면 되겠습니다.

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swedish_Swadesh_list

만주어는 길공구님께 confirm을 받아야할지도... ㅎㅎ